Khapra beetle trogoderma granarium is a serious pest of stored grain and dry foodstuffs worldwide. Khapra beetle trogoderma granarium is one of the most serious pests of stored grain products, especially under hot and dry conditions. We are also updating the regulations to reflect changes in industry practices that have affected the risk of khapra beetle being imported into. Description, biology and habits of the khapra beetle will help correctly identify which beetle has infested your home or business and how to control the pest.
Start this article has been rated as startclass on the projects quality scale. Sep 19, 2011 after the training was deployed to cbp field offices in january 2010, a significant increase in khapra beetle interceptions were made. Infestations are difficult to control because of the insects ability to survive without food for long periods, its preference for dry. We are also updating the regulations to reflect changes in industry practices that have affected the risk of khapra beetle being imported into the united states and country names that. Khapra beetle trogoderma granarium everts has been identified as a serious. It thrives on hot, dry conditions and has proved exceptionally difficult to control. Australia maintains khapra beetle import restrictions on all types of seeds, nuts, spices, dried fruits and vegetables, and any unprocessed agricultural products. Spicisetae of various lengths are arranged over the dorsal surface and a brush of long spicisetae on the ninth abdominal segment projects posteriorly like a tail. Khapra beetle definition of khapra beetle by the free. Dermestidae 2 by commerce into some areas of similar climatic conditions anonymous 1981.
Cbp khapra beetle interceptions surpass 2010 numbers. Trogoderma granarium, the khapra beetle zoology for ias. Khapra beetle is within the scope of wikiproject beetles, an attempt to better organize information in articles related to beetles. Damage and symptoms khapra beetle a threat to our grain. There are 3 transverse bands markings of pale colour hairs on the wing covers. Khapra beetle definition is a dermestid beetle trogoderma granarium that is native to the indian subcontinent and is now a serious pest of stored grain in most parts of the world.
Traps were deployed in june, 2012, serviced twice a month. Khapra beetle and its potential effects have been studied in detail since the 1950. It is a particularly difficult insect to control with insecticides. The training includes guidance for khapra beetle detection at airports, seaports, both the northern and southern border, preclearance, mailexpress courier facilities, and military equipment and facilities. Dangerous and invasive khapra beetle intercepted at. Multiple behavioural asymmetries impact male mating. It can cause losses of up to 75% from direct feeding. It is very resilient and can survive in stored food, packaging and transport facilities in very low numbers under difficult conditions. The biscuit beetle trogoderma granarium, also called cabinet beetle, which originated in.
The number of larval instars was examined and studied by direct counting of larval moults under the highpower microscope. Khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium pest tracker caps. Jun 01, 2017 on may 19, cbp agriculture specialists inspected a shipment labeled foodstuff and rice from bangladesh and discovered one live larva of what appeared to be khapra beetle inside the seam of the rice bags. New approaches for tackling the khapra beetle request pdf. The pest interception was submitted to the local usda plant inspection station, which positively identified it as khapra beetle. The khapra beetle is a small, brown beetle between 2 and 3 millimeters long. Khapra beetle at center for environmental and regulatory information systems. The khapra beetle is one of the most destructive pests of whole grain and cereal products in warmer areas of the world, particularly north africa and the indian subcontinent.
The khapra beetle survey performed as expected and all objectives were met. The khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts hilgardia. Khapra beetle simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Khapra beetle continues to be a grain concern ag professional. The khapra beetle trogoderma granarium, a small beetle native to the indian subcontinent, is a serious pest in most parts of the world. It is supposed to be a major pest of wheat in indian subcontinent and also in some of the western countries like usa, uk and germany. Native to india, khapra beetle has spread to other countries in africa, the middle east, the near east, pockets of europe and eastern asia. Young larvae feed on damaged seeds, while the older larvae feed on whole grains. It is a member of the dermestid family and is a voracious feeder of grain products. Dangerous and invasive khapra beetle intercepted at pearson. Khapra beetle not known to occur in idaho common name. Khapra beetle adults are small 23 mm long and 12 mm wide, brownish in colour with a smooth oval shaped body.
It will feed on grains, cereal products, and almost any. Khapra beetle definition of khapra beetle by merriamwebster. In fact, it has been nominated as one of the 100 worst invasive species worldwide lowe et al. Khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts edis university of. In the present study, we highlighted the presence of four populationlevel lateralized mating traits in the mating behaviour of an alien and invasive pest of stored products, the khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium dermestidae. Multiple behavioural asymmetries impact male mating success. Khapra beetle trogoderma granarium what is khapra beetle. Small brown beetles, larvae or cast skins infesting grain, dried food and cereal products. Trogoderma granarium is native to an area extending from burma to west africa.
Countries of origin in question for this policy include much of africa. Refer to the khapra beetle new pest response guidelines, pages 39 to 3, for additional information on choosing a trapping location, time of year to trap, etc. The khapra beetle originated in south asia and is now present throughout much of northern africa and the middle east, with a limited presence in asia, europe, and southern africa. Life cycle, morphometrics and damage assessment of the khapra beetle 7 stage by daily observation.
Head is small bearing sharp, mandibulate mouth parts and short, capitate antennae. Life cycle mated females live 47 days, while unmated females live from 2030 days. Description top of page larva the larvae are typically very hairy. The australian government, in consultation with the nations top committee for plant health plant health committee has identified the most significant plant pest risks for australia. They are known as dirty feeders because they spoil more grain than they eat with shed larval and pupal skin, broken body parts and hair george and paul 2010. Several studies predict possible establishment of the khapra beetle, trogoderma. When khapra beetles do turn up, they trigger an immediate and aggressive response from state and federal government agriculture departments, because once an infestation takes root, this insect becomes extremely difficult to control think of the khapra beetle as the bed bug of stored product pests and because twothirds of the united. Seizure of khapra beetle infested cumin in us may bring exports down 28 mar, 2016, 08. Origin trogoderma granarium is native to an area extending from burma to west africa. Trogoderma granarium everts, the khapra beetle, is one of the most.
Request pdf population growth of the khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts coleoptera. Khapra beetles countries list of countries countries stated under plant quarantine regulation on ninth schedule of regulation 5 5 1. Infestations are difficult to control because of the insects ability to survive without food for long periods, its preference for dry conditions and lowmoisture food, and its. Widespread use of the combine harvester has reduced wheat damage by this moth to a minimum. Jan 09, 2015 the beetle is native to india but has spread through the mediterranean, middle east, asia and africa.
Dermestidae on different commodities we evaluated the. Khapra beetle is a biosecurity risk or quarantine pest to many countries where it is not present. Infested grain also becomes contaminated with beetles, cast skins and hairs from larvae, which can be a health risk and are. The state department of agriculture is conducting an eradication program against it in california. Khapra beetle wall traps and two dome traps that were placed at one location. It has been reported that it was distributed in southeast asia, the middle east, north africa, europe, china, japan, korea, philippines, australia and madagascar, and has become established in most of those countries. The khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts, is one of the worlds.
Cbp khapra beetle interceptions surpass 2010 numbers u. National khapra beetle survey, taxonomic, and specimen routing guidance background the khapra beetle trogoderma granarium everts is one of the worlds most destructive pests of grain products and seeds. Geographic distribution of khapra beetle, trogoderma. National khapra beetle survey, taxonomic, and specimen. Trogoderma granarium everts introduction the khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts, is one of the worlds most feared storedproduct pests. The following list of references includes many from myers and hagstrum 20 and additional references, websites and annotations are included to expand upon their summary. Ten newly emerged adults irrespective of sex were kept separately in a. And once the insect buries itself inside a shipment, it. The beetle is native to india but has spread through the mediterranean, middle east, asia and africa.
Microsoft word 2012 khapra beetle survey final report. Photograph by annesophie roy, european and mediterranean plant protection organization. Eggs hatch into small hairy larvae that can grow up to 7 mm long, are reddish brown in. Khapra beetle is a regulated quarantine pest in many. Khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts insecta. Pdf two laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the combined insecticidal effects of some botanical. The khapra beetle is known as a dirty feeder because it damages more grain than it consumes, and because it contaminates grain with body parts and hairs. The pest risk assessment of the khapra beetle conducted by the united states department of agriculture, animal and plant health inspection service, plant protection and quarantine usda, aphis, ppq, addresses the likelihood of the beetle becoming established in the united states, the economic consequences of khapra beetle infestation in the us.
Small brown beetles, larvae or cast skins infesting grain, dried food and. Khapra beetle trogoderma granarium khapra beetle trogoderma granarium is an insect pest of grain products and seeds. The khapra beetle, considered to be one of the worlds most destructive pests of grain products and seeds, probably originated from regions now including india and bangladesh, but has since spread to other areas including northern and eastern africa, southern europe and the mediterranean region, the mideast, and east into asia. Cabinet beetle infestations warehouses or grain processing plants which have cabinet beetle activity should monitor hot points and identify where the beetle is most active. We are adopting as a final rule, with changes, an interim rule that amended the khapra beetle regulations by adding additional regulated articles and regulated countries, updating the regulations to reflect changes in industry practices and country names that have changed since the regulations. Seizure of khapra beetleinfested cumin in us may bring exports down 28 mar, 2016, 08. The beetle occurs in hot, dry conditions, predictably in areas which, for at least 4 months of the year, have a mean. It can infest a wide variety of products 1,2 and larvae can enter diapause and remain in that state for years when food resources are scarce 3. Khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium interceptions and.
It is unique among dermestids because the larvae feed on. It is a native of india and was first detected in california in 1953. Pdf combined insecticidal effects of some botanical extracts. Population growth of the khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium. Jan 31, 2017 however, little is available on this key issue for invertebrates, especially for species of the order coleoptera. Traps and lures were set according to the 2012 approved methods for the pest. Mid this article has been rated as midimportance on the projects importance scale. Once identified, treatments will have to be regular and become part of their overall active integrated pest control program.
A woman traveling from iraq to a detroitarea airport was found to be carrying seeds infested with an invasive beetle. The adult beetle is brown in color and small, between 23 millimeters long. Its northern most range extends to the 35 parallel and to the equator to the south. There are many similarlooking native trogoderma species in australia which make it difficult to identify if the pest were to establish in australia, it could have detrimental impacts on our exportorientated grain industry. Invertebrate surveillance manual for managers, operation leaders and.
Any imports of these products require a phytosanitary certificate stating the product is inspected and cleaned. We are amending the khapra beetle regulations by adding additional regulated articles and regulated countries. Regulatory control of khapra beetle storedproductinsects. Adult, larva, and larval skins of the khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts, and the damage caused by the larvae. A dermestid beetle that is a destructive pest of stored grain, especially in south asia and africa. Stored grain insects agricultural marketing service usda. Border authorities find invasive khapra beetles in bag of. Trogoderma granarium everts, the khapra beetle, is one of the most destructive stored product pests of stored commodities and processed goods throughout the world 1. However, little is available on this key issue for invertebrates, especially for species of the order coleoptera. Pdf on oct 11, 2016, cheryl day and others published khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium interceptions and eradications in australia and around the world find, read and cite all the research. Khapra beetle and associated host material are regulated by the usda under.
Abstract trogoderma granarium everts khapra beetle a serious pest of stored grains. Border authorities find invasive beetles in seed bag. The insect is capable of hiding in cracks and staying in diapause for years. Damage and symptoms khapra beetle causes huge grain loss and destroys stored grains in a short time. Khapra beetle factsheet primary industries and regions sa. The khapra beetle trogoderma granarium, which originated in south asia, is one of the worlds most destructive pests of grain products and seeds. Many ships harbour endemic populations, larvae remaining concealed behind paint or rust scale, and because of its notoriety the species is on the quarantine pest list of.
Pdf khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium interceptions. Several studies predict possible establishment of the khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium, based upon climate banks 1977 for australia, sinha 1963 for canada, bahr 1966 for east germany, dal monte 1960. It is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world. Regulatory control of khapra beetle the following list of references includes many from myers and hagstrum 20 and additional references, websites and annotations are included to expand upon their summary. The khapra beetle is under strict quarantine from the united states. The khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts, a serious pest of stored grains and other food products in india and elsewhere, has recently been found in 23 counties of california, arizona, and new mexico. It is unique among dermestids because the larvae feed on stored grain. Geographic distribution of khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium, by location as recorded in six publications location eppo2016 australia2016 myers2012 spires2009 french2005 banks1977 afghanistan 5 present, no details afghanistan afghanistan afghanistan present, flourishes certain areas.